Essay 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

1 - Essay Example At the entryway there is a holding tight the divider indicating a menu of stream fish accessible to the clients that day. There are verdant trees around the shop showing that the earth around bolsters manor. Individuals from the district get the chance to buy new deliver from the homesteads and fish from the shop since these items are accessible. The artistic creation has a message that further fortifies the title â€Å"Honest Weights and Square Dealings.† This guarantees the client of solid, genuine dealings and quality administrations. It is during the hour of a business occupied calendar as showed by nearness of dominant part of relatives. The individuals are putting forth an attempt to draw in more clients to the shop. On the banner promoting the name of the business there is a telephone number at the top, implying that the general public is created and utilizes cell phones as methods for correspondence. Outside the booth two youngsters hold melons up near their heads. One kid is utilizing two hands indicating how solid he is. Around them there are a few crates of oranges set left and right of the shop. There are berries in plain view at the focal point of the shop. This shows the business has no restraining infrastructure over the market. A few showcasing systems have been utilized, for example, show of natural products outside, hanging of the menu which has reasonable costs at the entryway, and the two young men outside the booth publicizing. There are blossoms outside the booth that includes tasteful worth, draws in and makes the shopping zone appealing. The blossoms improve the spot inferring the booth thinks about their social government assistance, quality and cleanliness. A little young lady curtseys and invites the clients into the shop. The photograph shows two noble men inside the stand introducing clients demonstrating that the administrations being offered in the shop are agreeable. The secondary passage is noticeable and it prompts another room. This family has utilized a bit

Essay on Teens - Popular Musics Impact on Youth -- Exploratory Essays

Mainstream Music's Impact on Youth Mainstream music and its specialists enormously affect our way of life's childhood from age to age. In practically any age inside the previous fifty years, the conduct and convictions of most of pre-adolescents and youngsters can be firmly corresponded with those of the mainstream music craftsman's of that time. Which music was the mainstream music changed radically a few times between the 1950s and the present, alongside the mentalities of that age's young grown-ups. With each change in well known music came additionally an enduring change in the conduct of ages to follow. Now and again, the change was obvious - the band or craftsman was making or encompassed by contention - in different cases, the change was not clear until a while later, a learning experience maybe. During the 1950s, Bill Haley and the Comets originally utilized rock to depict a melodic structure. They likewise discharged two motion pictures, Blackboard Jungle, and Rock Around the Clock, which included their music and were pointed explicitly at youthful crowds. Slate Jungle recounted to an account of adolescent distance and furthermore made a star of Haley on account of the staggering number of negative reactions it got. Likewise, since grown-ups of that time thought the music was outright terrible, the teenagers were much increasingly attracted to its sound (Brown, 50, 53). Elvis Aaron Presley is known as the Ruler today, however in the mid-fifties, he was known as Elvis the Pelvis due to his pelvic pushes and fairly misrepresented hip developments (67). These sexual quirks grabbed the eye of young ladies who saw him as a sex symbol, yet additionally grabbed the eye of the media. In the fifties, these activities were too revolting to even consider being appeared on televi... ... What is to be gained from our age? There doesn't give off an impression of being an unmistakably characterized development being advanced like the antiwar development of the sixties and seventies. Our age will leave a heritage, or an exercise to be educated. Through the ages we have learned a lot; medicate mindfulness, duty, and safe sex were all progressions looked by ages following the past age's ways of life. Our youngsters will confront various ways of life that we are confronting now, and the well known music of their time will clearly shape their conduct and demeanor to accommodate their age. Works Cited Earthy colored, Charles T. The Art of Rock and Roll. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc. 1987. Christgau, Robert. Any Old Way You Choose It: Rock and Other Pop Music, 1967-1973. Baltimore: Penguin Books Inc. 1973. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/ent/A0860766.html

Representativeness Heuristic and Our Judgments

Representativeness Heuristic and Our Judgments Theories Social Psychology Print Representativeness Heuristic and Our Judgments Representativeness heuristic affects judgments but can lead to errors By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 21, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 06, 2019 More in Theories Social Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Example Scenario Classic Research   In the Real-World View All Back To Top When faced with uncertainty while trying to make a decision, people often rely on a mental shortcut known as the representativeness heuristic. While this shortcut can speed up the decision-making process, it can also lead to poor choices and stereotypes. Take a closer look at what the representativeness heuristic is and how it works. Illustration by Cindy Chung, Verywell What Is the Representativeness Heuristic? When making decisions or judgments, we often use mental shortcuts or rules of thumb known as  heuristics. For every decision, we dont always have the time or resources to compare all the information before we make a choice, so we use heuristics to help us reach decisions quickly and efficiently. Sometimes these mental shortcuts can be helpful, but in other cases, they can lead to errors or  cognitive biases. The representativeness heuristic is one heuristic that we use when making judgments. In this particular example, we estimate the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds. Our prototype is what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a particular event or object. Example of How It Works The representativeness heuristic was first described by psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman during the 1970s. Like other heuristics, making judgments based on representativeness is intended to work as a type of mental shortcut, allowing us to make decisions quickly. However, it can also lead to errors. When we make decisions based on representativeness, we may be likely to make more errors by overestimating the likelihood that something will occur. Just because an event or object is representative does not mean its occurrence is more probable. Consider the following description: Sarah loves to listen to New Age music and faithfully reads her horoscope each day. In her spare time, she enjoys aromatherapy and attending a local spirituality group. Based on the description above, is Sarah more likely to be a school teacher or a holistic healer? Many people would identify her as a holistic healer based on representativeness. She fits in with our existing ideas of how a holistic healer might behave. In reality, it is far more likely that Sarah is actually a school teacher based purely on probability. School teachers are far more common than holistic healers. Classic Research   In their classic experiment, Tversky and Kahneman presented the following description to a group of participants: Tom W. is of high intelligence, although lacking in true creativity. He has a need for order and clarity, and for neat and tidy systems in which every detail finds its appropriate place. His writing is rather dull and mechanical, occasionally enlivened by somewhat corny puns and by flashes of imagination of the sci-fi type. He has a strong drive for competence. He seems to feel little sympathy for other people and does not enjoy interacting with others. Self-centered, he nonetheless has a deep moral sense. The participants were then divided into three separate groups and each group was given a different task. The first group was asked how similar Tom was to one of nine different college majors. The majority of participants in this group believed Tom was most similar to an engineering major and least similar to a social science major.Participants in the second group were asked to rate the probability that Tom was one of the nine majors. The probabilities given by the participants in the second group were very similar to the responses given by those in the first group.In the third group, participants were asked a question unrelated to Toms description. They were asked to estimate what percentage of first-year graduate students were in each of the nine majors. What the researchers found was that people were highly likely to believe that Tom was an engineering major, despite the fact that there was a relatively small number of engineering students at the school where the study was conducted. People were likely to believe that Tom was an engineering major based on representativeness, ignoring other pertinent information such as the small number of engineering students. Toms description matched with what they believed was a good representation of an engineering major, so the representativeness heuristic led them to make a judgment about what major he was likely pursuing. In the Real-World The representativeness heuristic can play a major role in many real-life decisions and judgments. Consider, for example, how members of a jury might determine a defendants guilt or innocence. If the accused looks like what the jurors think a criminal should look like, with a menacing presence, scruffy face, and angry eyes, they might be more likely to perceive that individual as guilty of the crime of which he or she is accused. Assessments of guilt can also depend upon how well the crime represents a certain crime category. For example, a person accused of abducting a child for ransom may be more likely to be viewed as guilty as someone accused of kidnapping an adult for no ransom. While both crimes represent kidnapping, the first is a more representative example because it fits better with what most people think of when they hear the word kidnapping. This heuristic can also play a role in the assessments we make about other people. We tend to develop ideas about how people in certain roles should behave. A farmer, for example, might be seen as hard-working, outdoorsy, and tough. A librarian, on the other hand, might be viewed as being quiet, organized, and reserved. How well an individual fits into these representations of each profession affects our view of how probable it is they hold one of these positions. In their classic 1974 book Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Tversky and Kahneman describe one example of how the representativeness heuristic can influence our perceptions of other people. They describe an individual who is seen as shy, withdrawn, helpful, but not necessarily concerned with the world of reality. This person is also described as tidy, meek, and detailed with a passion for order and structure. If you had to make a judgment about which profession this individual likely holds, which one would you select: farmer, salesman, airline pilot, librarian, or physician? In the representativeness heuristic, the probability that Steve is a librarian, for example, is assessed by the degree to which his is representative of, or similar to, the stereotype of a librarian, Tversky and Kahneman explain. A Word From Verywell The representativeness heuristic is just one type of mental shortcut that allows us to make decisions quickly in the face of uncertainty. While this can lead to quick thinking, it can also lead us to ignore factors that also play a role in shaping events. The next time you are trying to make a decision, consider the way in which the representative heuristic might play a role in your thinking.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Mass Media - 1011 Words

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Mass Media Mass media is one of the fastest medium of exchange of information which capture audience attention and interest, for example, television and radio is said to be the best Mass Media. A Mass Media to be effective must be accessible to the target audience and able to hold audience attention and interest. Therefore, this essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Mass Media. The first advantage of mass media is peace and reconciliation. In the Northern Uganda there has been a civil war and FM radios contributed towards bringing peace after 20 years of crisis which was emphasized by both the respondent interviewees and focus groups. One of the focus group participants said that†¦show more content†¦Secondly, images of women advertising. Studies have proven that advertising has been a prime target of attack and scrutiny. The relationship which exists between advertising, the consumer goods industry and the crucial economic role of women as consumers is the basic explanation for the critical focus on sex-role portrayal. It has been proven that advertising effectiveness largely depends on the manipulation of the consumers self image. Advertising manipulates the female image in order to persuade women to buy since women are perceived as the major consumers. Commercial television and magazines are the major vehicles for advertising consumer products b ecause it particularly addresses female images. A research has proven that women are visible in advertising at least on an equal basis with men. A study by the National Advertising Sexist charger focus on female image in advertising is as employed women, as housewife and as sex-object. Lastly, unrealistic, unhealthy portrayals of female sexuality, sexual health, and gratuitous female sexuality, and nudity. Approximately 14,000 references to sex each year are viewed by the young television viewer. Teens say that television, as well as movies and other media are the leading source of information about sex and sexuality. The study by American Academy of Pediatrices, sexuality, contraception, and reference to abstinence or sexually transmitted to sex a teen will see on television each year. Girls are more likelyShow MoreRelatedAdvantages of mass media1332 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Do the advantages of Mass Media outweigh the disadvantages? Mass media refers collectively to all the media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience via mass communication. There are various forms of mass media such as radio, television, movies, magazines, newspapers and the World Wide Web. Mass Media enjoys a very prominent role in our lives and thus, it is believed to influence our society. There are positive and negative effects of mass media on our society. This essay willRead MoreAdvantages Of Using The Internet1214 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are some differences between the internet and more traditional media? What are some advantages and disadvantages of using the internet in advertising? Describe the main types of promotion used on the internet (both traditional and newer types). (20 points) Some differences between the internet and more traditional media is that internet offers the marketer ability to receive feedback and a more direct link to the consumer, as well as giving the marketer easier access to trends and competitionRead MoreMedia Influence Mass Media795 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and the Influence on America and Television By. Mozelle Jones HUMANITIES In real life, we are in Mass Media and we did not even know it. Everything from you learning to just leisure involvement. The cultural products that influence mass media and has taking part is Net Flix. It has made an impact on the movie business where television can be used to see movies and mass media. Television still has an impact on cultural meanings. It shows us the news, ads, and movies that changeRead MoreCommunication Is Essential For Successful Organisations Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesadministration. †¢ One-to-one – the advantage of this form of communication is that it is effective as it a method where a person can express themselves in many ways i.e. with not only by what they say but how they say it i.e. their tone, their facial expressions and other body language. Often Staff prefer to communicate with their immediate supervisor on a one-to-one basis as it will convey much more meaning than over the phone or through email. However the disadvantage is that some people may feel moreRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Media On Youth And Society1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media on the Youth and Society Nowadays, the issue of mass media has caused much debate in the modern society, as well as mass media is becoming more important as a component that negatively affects the behavior of young people. There are many other factors, such as micro-environment, economic instability, the decline of moral values affecting children and young people and encourage them to commit unlawful acts. However, unlimited access to the Internet, mobile phone use in theRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Communication On Our Society1445 Words   |  6 PagesMass Communication is the study of how people receive information through what is known as Mass Media to a large crowd of the population at the same time. Or they can also say that Mass Communication is a process of which a person, group of people, or an organization send and receive messages through a channel of communication to a large of unknown and heterogeneous people and organizations. You can think of a large group of unknown and heterogeneous people as either the general public. The senderRead MoreAdvantage and Disadvantage of Different Type of Marketing Communication1606 Words   |  7 PagesDirect Mail Marketing Advantages: * Direct Mail gets right into a customer’s hands. Unlike online advertising and other forms which are consumed through media; direct mail advertising places a marketing message directly in consumers hands which makes them place a value on whether they should continue to read into the message. * Direct mail can add a personal touch. Many modern direct mail advertising companies offer the ability to personally brand each piece being sent out so it connectsRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On Society861 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation? Mass media, including T.V, Radio stations, newspaper has taken over the minds of people in society. According to Glen Smith and Kathleen Searles, Most assumption are being based off of what they see and hear on the television, social networks and on the radio because its mainly one side stories or one bashing of individuals. People do not take the time to go in-depth about the situation being inaccurately displayed at times. Sociologist is beginning to realize the effect of mass media has onRead MoreHcs 320 Communication and Crisis Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pageswill require communication between several internal and external avenues to help resolve the water contamination in the Eugene-Springfield area. I am Shellie Cobbs, Director o f the Regional Emergency Management Office, and I will be addressing the media on the procedures to be used in running the crisis communication efforts in response to the contaminated water. A water contamination event poses a unique opportunity to work with diverse populations to effectively convey important health messagesRead MoreRecruitment And Selection Of Human Resources1184 Words   |  5 Pages external recruiting is â€Å"engaging individuals from labor market outside the firm to apply for a job†. Major external recruiting sources are from walk-ins, agencies, local mass media, and the Internet (Class slides, 2016). Both of the internal recruiting and external recruiting have advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the internal recruiting include: increasing organizational commitment and job satisfaction within the organization, discovering the â€Å"back channels† of the organization,

Why Should We Get Tested For Hiv - 1152 Words

Why is it important to get tested for HIV? Getting tested for HIV/AIDs is important for one’s health, relationships, and overall future. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus; the virus that causes the HIV infection.HIV is spread through the blood, semen, genital fluids, or a HIV infected woman’s breast milk. However, the most common ways to contract HIV is from having unprotected sex, sharing needles and syringes, or same sex intercourse. The growth of new HIV infections continues to rise. According to the Centers of Disease Control (CDC), currently in the United States 1.2 million people are infected with HIV. Among that large group of people, twenty percent of the people were unaware of their status. Consequently, the twenty†¦show more content†¦In the United States, one in six people with HIV don’t know they have it. About fifteen Floridians get infected with HIV every day. A person’s circumstances, determines how often they should be tested. People between the ages of thirteen and sixty-four should get tested at least once. If you have currently been in a situation that can lead to HIV, you have to wait at least three months after that event to get tested. HIV spreads when a fluid from a person, who is infected, enters the body of another person who is not infected. Fluids can be transferred through anal, oral, or vaginal sex without a condom, small amounts of blood from deep kissing and oral sex, childbirth or during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and shared injection equipment. National guidelines state that men who have sex with men, injection drug users, men and women with multiple sex partners, men and women who have had sexually transmitted diseases previously, and women who are pregnant and may become pregnant should get retested every three to six months. Before you begin having sex, it is important to know your partner’s status. It is okay to ask if they have been tested and what the results were. If your partner has not been tested, you can support each other, and get tested together. Consider not having sex; your risk for the infection can lower if you don’t engage in sexual activity. Practicing abstinence from sexual activity is the only way to have on chance of contracting HIV. People should Why Should We Get Tested For Hiv - 1152 Words Why is it important to get tested for HIV? Getting tested for HIV/AIDs is important for one’s health, relationships, and overall future. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus; the virus that causes the HIV infection.HIV is spread through the blood, semen, genital fluids, or a HIV infected woman’s breast milk. However, the most common ways to contract HIV is from having unprotected sex, sharing needles and syringes, or same sex intercourse. The growth of new HIV infections continues to rise. According to the Centers of Disease Control (CDC), currently in the United States 1.2 million people are infected with HIV. Among that large group of people, twenty percent of the people were unaware of their status. Consequently, the twenty†¦show more content†¦National guidelines state that men who have sex with men, injection drug users, men and women with multiple sex partners, men and women who have had sexually transmitted diseases previously, and women who are pregnant and may become pregnant should get retested every three to six months. Before you begin having sex, it is important to know your partner’s status. It is okay to ask if they have been tested and what the results were. If your partner has not been tested, you can support each other, and get tested together. Consider not having sex; your risk for the infection can lower if you don’t engage in sexual activity. Practicing abstinence from sexual activity is the only way to have on chance of contracting HIV. People should wait until they are in a meaningful relationship, where they know their partner’s medical and sexual history. If both you and your partner are negative, you can begin to have sex, but you should take precautions. It is important to have sex with only one uninfected partner; it is the best way to be sexually active and not risk infection. Both you and your partner should have mutual monogamy, meaning both partners are only having sex with each other during the duration of the relationship. Always use condoms, and make sure the condoms are used correctly. Condoms don’t only protect fromShow MoreRelatedWhy Should We Get Tested For Hiv?1152 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is it important to get tested for HIV? Getting tested for HIV/AIDs is important for one’s health, relationships, and overall future. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus; the virus that causes the HIV infection.HIV is spread through the blood, semen, genital fluids, or a HIV infected woman’s breast milk. However, the most common ways to contract HIV is from having unprotected sex, sharing needles and syringes, or same sex intercourse. The growth of new HIV infections continues to riseRead MoreHiv Is The Deadliest Of Them All972 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. Nevertheless, HIV is the deadliest of them all. HIV has infected over 2.1 million people in the United States since 1999. Half a million children under the age fifteen have been diagnosed with HIV, usually infected through mother-to-child transmission or sexual invasion. Subsequently, infection through sexual intercourse with a bisexual or drug infected partner, or even a blood transfusion can cause a person to contract the HIV virus. Therefore, i t is clear to see that HIV and AIDS have infectedRead MorePrevention Of Hiv And Aids927 Words   |  4 PagesHIV and AIDS have been on the rise in Alabama in the last 10 years. It amazes me that people do not take HIV and Aids more seriously. The reason I chose this topic was because I think we can do more to educate people on the effects of HIV and Aids. I came across a couple of interesting situations that I read about on social media. One thing was how easy people forget that they have a moral compass once they have contracted HIV and Aids. Then they think there life is over and proceed to try to getRead MoreEssay on The Stigma Attached to HIV and AIDS1674 Words   |  7 PagesStigma and seroconversion are a few familiar words that come to mind when dealing with HIV/AIDS. These are a few processes that people go through when they are indentified as being HIV positive. This is when their life on whole comes into contrast. This is so because people often take things like sex fo r granted and it is because of this some can’t live a healthy lifestyle. Just imagine finding out that you are positive. How will society accept you? What about the stigmatization that one goes throughRead MoreDiscuss the Reasons Why the Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs (Arvs) Has Impacted Differently on People Suffering from Hiv/Aids in Developed and Developing World1265 Words   |  6 PagesChristine Carraro 10B Biology ‘Discuss the reasons why the research and development of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) has impacted differently on people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developed and developing world’ HIV/AIDS still does not have a know cure, but has a treatment that slows down the affects of HIV/AIDS which is called ARV (anti-retroviral drug) The ARV drug is a very â€Å"exclusive† drug because as it is very expensive, around $400 a month if not more depending on which stage you areRead MoreDiscuss the Reasons Why the Research and Development of Anti-Retroviral Drugs (Arvs) Has Impacted Differently on People Suffering from Hiv/Aids in Developed and Developing World1265 Words   |  6 PagesChristine Carraro 10B Biology ‘Discuss the reasons why the research and development of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) has impacted differently on people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developed and developing world’ HIV/AIDS still does not have a know cure, but has a treatment that slows down the affects of HIV/AIDS which is called ARV (anti-retroviral drug) The ARV drug is a very â€Å"exclusive† drug because as it is very expensive, around $400 a month if not more depending on which stage you areRead MoreAIDS in African American Community Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pages(AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS weakens the immune system hampering the body’s defense mechanisms. AIDS is known to be a deadly disease, especially if it is not treated in a timely manner. AIDS and HIV is an epidemic that is increasing among the African American population with roots tracing back to Africa, AIDS and HIV needs greater exposure and more awareness within the African American community and in the homosexualRead MoreHiv / Aids Research Paper Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pages Cinnamon Deleon HIV/AIDS Research Paper California Baptist University Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus is HIV that develops into AIDS, which is Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This virus starts to break down white blood cells, as a result the immune system starts to deteriorate and our greatest shield cannot fight any longer (Mayo Clinic, 2016). The CDC (2015) states, that over 1.2 million people live with HIV in the United States and most who are infected are obliviousRead MoreThe Epidemic Is Sweeping The Nation987 Words   |  4 Pagescases of STD’s are being noted to appropriate health officials and are steadily increasing instead of declining. The Centers for Disease Control, commonly known as the CDC, have vigorously tracked HIV numbers and an estimated â€Å"1,218,400 persons aged 13 years and older are living with the HIV infection† (â€Å"HIV in The United States: At A Glance†). This doesn’t include the amount of people clueless to being infected at all: a whopping 156,300. Discouragingly and surprisingly enough, a factor contributingRead More HIV/AIDS Testing: A Wake Up Call Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome†, was not a well-known disease and infected people by that disease were not quarantined, because of lack of information about the disease. The medical scholars explained that AIDS is the culmination of the virus onset, HIV, â€Å"human immunodeficiency virus†. Currently, the infected people with complications, emaciation, diarrhea, tuberculosis, cancer, fever, vomiting, cannot meet together what ever the occasion, birthday party, first communion, wedding. Around the world

Barriers Iin Communication Free Essays

The Grapevine Grapevine is Informal Communication in general is exchange of information, a discussion that adheres less to the rules and standards. it is on the dimension of the Project Communication Management. For example, a Project Sponsor might have a meeting with the Project Manager to discuss about the progress of the project and can give much better feedback that another type of communication (other types may include emails, hard copy reports etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Barriers Iin Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). Informal Communication is more effective for discussing sensitive information in a project.Four types of informal communications have been identified: (i) Single strand: In single strand network the individual communicates with the other individual through intervening persons. In other words each person tell s the other in sequence, one tells one. (ii) Gossip: In gossip one individual tells others on a non-selective basis, one tells all. (iii) Probability: In probability the individual tells other individuals randomly according to the law of probability. (iv) Cluster: In cluster type network the individual communicates with only those individuals whom he trusts.Research shows that out of the four, cluster chain is the most popular form of informal communication. It is not possible to establish a particular type of informal communication in an organisation. However attempts may be made indirectly to influence the result of informal communication. Keith Davis has found certain predictable forms of informal communication which can be of great use to the management in this respect. For instance individuals talk most when news is recent they talk about things which affect their work, and they talk about people they know.In addition people who are working with each other and who contact each other in the formal chain are likely to be on the same grapevine. It should be recognised that informal communication is as important as the informal organisation and that it is not identical with false rumour. Therefore, the management can profitably utilise the informal system in the attainment of organisation goals. According to Robbins, the grapevine in an organization has three significant characteristics. ? It is not controlled by formal management. ? Most employees perceive it to be more believable and reliable than formal communication issued by top management. It is largely used for the self-interests of the people within the organization. 17 Answer 8. (e) Guide to Effective Listening 1. Listen patiently to what the other person has to say even though you may believe it to be wrong or irrelevant. Indicate simple acceptance (not necessarily agreement) nodding your head or perhaps interjecting an occasional â€Å"um-hm† or â€Å"I see. † 2. Try to understand the feeling the person is expressing as well as the intellectual content. Most of us have difficulty talking clearly about our feelings. So careful attention is required. 3.Restate the person’s feelings briefly but accurately. At this stage you simply serve as a mirror and encourage the other person to continue talking. Occasionally make summary responses such as you think you are in a dead-end job but in doing so keep your tone neutral and try not to lead the person to your pet conclusions. 4. Avoid direct questions and arguments about facts refrain from saying, â€Å"That is just not so,† â€Å"Hold on a minute let’s look at the facts,† or â€Å"Prove it. † You may want to review the evidence later, but a review is irrelevant to how the person feels now. . Allow time for the discussion to continue without interruption and try to separate the conversation from mere official communication of company plans. That is, don’t make the conversation any more â€Å"authoritative† than it already is by virtue of your position in the organisation. 6. When the other person does touch upon a point you do want to know more about, simply repeat statements as a question. For instance, if he remarks, ‘nobody can break even on his expense account’, you can probe by replying, and â€Å"You say no one breaks even on expenses?With this encouragement he will probably expand on his previous statement. 7. Listen for what is not said evasions for pertinent points or perhaps too ready agreement with common cliches. Such an omission may be a clue to a bothersome fact the person wishes was not true. 8. If the other person appears genuinely to want your view point, be honest in your reply. But at the listening stage try to limit the expression of your views, since these may condition or repress what the other person says. 9. Don’t get emotionally involved yourself. Try simply to understand first and defer evaluation until later. 0. Listen â€Å"between the lines. † A person does not always put everything that is important into words. The changing tones and volume of his voice may have a meaning. So may his facial expression the gestures he makes with his hands and the movements of his body. 11. Better results can be achieved if the superior gives less emphasis to explaining and more emphasis to listening. 18 Answer 8. (f) Communication Feedback When individuals work together and interact the need to communicate effectively their feelings, impressions and views on various matters becomes important.Equally important is how these are received. When we communicate our reactions and perceptions to a person, especially regarding his behaviour, style of working. We call it feedback. Feedback, in simple terms, is the communication of feelings and perceptions by an individual to another individual about the latter’s behaviour and style of working. Such interpersonal feedback is involved in everyday life in various situations; for example, the boss sits with his subordinate and gives him necessary counselling about his achievements his strengths as well as areas in which he can improve further.We tell our peers what we think about their style and ways of behaviour so that they may be able to benefit from such communication. A subordinate may also do the same. If his boss pulled him up in the presence of others he may go and tell him how bad he felt about such a happening. This may help the boss to improve his ways of communicating such matters to his subordinates. The main function of giving feedback is to provide data about a person’s style of behaviour and its effect on others.Such data can be verified by the individual by either collecting more data from other sources or by checking some aspects with others. The feedback also provides several alternatives to the individual out of which he can choose one or two to experiment on. Interpersonal feedback contributes to the improvement of communication between two persons involved in feedback through the establishment of a culture of openness and promoting interpersonal trust. Continuous feedback will help in establishing norms of being open. Similarly, receiving of feedback fulfils several purposes.It primarily helps the individual (one who receives feedback) to process behavioural data he has received from others (the perceptions and feelings people have communicated to him about the effect of his behaviour on them). It helps him to have better awareness of his own self and behaviour. Getting information about how his behaviour is perceived and what impact it makes on others, increases his sensitivity, his ability to pickup cues from the environment that indicate what perceptions and feelings people have about his behaviour. How to cite Barriers Iin Communication, Papers

Response Essay on Gender and Sexuality free essay sample

What is beautiful? What does the word mean to you? How is your interpretation different from the advertisers ideal of beauty? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines beauty as, the quality or aggregate of qualities In a person or thing that gives pleasure to the senses or pleasurably exalts the mind or spirit. After watching the many different video clips and also looking at this dictionary definition, I would have to say I agree closer more with the dictionary function.Looking back on the different video clips, I think the one that stood out most to me was the film clip of the movie Summer Magic. After the clip was over, I caught myself being very unpleased with the message. I couldnt believe that this movie was trying to tell girls that If you wanted to get a guy, you had to act feminine instead of being yourself. . I was happy that they were trying to say It was whats on the Inside that counts, but then very disappointed when they said you have to change this to be what it should be and not what it is. We will write a custom essay sample on Response Essay on Gender and Sexuality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It isnt fair to yourself or the guy if either person isnt being really who they are because you cant hold a fake personality forever and will end up hurting each other at some point. I can relate to this clip in some ways because as a younger child, I used to be very tomboyish. My family would always try to dress me up in nice clothes, when all I really wanted was Just to be In shorts and a t-shirt. It didnt bother me that I wasnt getting a boyfriend, but I was getting guy friends.We would do a lot of things together, and although any of them were things you wouldnt see a girl doing, it was a lot of fun. In many ways I am still more thankful for the guy friends I became close with because we are still very close to this day. This is why I would have to agree with the definition more because in the definition it uses the word qualities. Qualities can not only Just be your looks, but your personality and your characters that people see once they get to know the real you.Although this statement Is a click, to me, being beautiful Is the atmosphere you create with your personality and how that atmosphere makes other people feel. Being drop dead gorgeous can be a plus, but if you have no communication skills or a personality worth connecting with, then whats the point of someone trying to get to know the real you. My view of beauty is different from advertisers because I dont think it is Just the cover that matters, to get to really understand the message of the book; you cant Just Judge it by Its cover.I feel there are a lot of things In this world that would be different If a lot of gir ls In todays society that believed the covers were the only thing that mattered. I think recently many companies have tried to convey the message that its impossible to be a real life-sized Barbie, and that if you want to critic your body, you should do it for yourself and not because someone told you to. I think this new message has been really good to try and help other girls realize that having a perfect Barbie body isnt going to decisions you make for the rest of your life are the main deciding factors for your happiness.